« Le siècle des Lumières » : à la rencontre de Diderot et des encyclopédistes

Sophie Chauveau vient de publier une biographie romancée de Denis Diderot : Diderot, le génie débraillé. Premier tome : les années bohème ; deuxième tome : les encyclopédistes.

Avec Sophie Chauveau, nous pénétrons dans l’intimité de Denis Diderot, d’abord dans sa famille à Langres ; Diderot est un jeune surdoué, qui étouffe dans un carcan familial et qui fuit au plus vite cette vie provinciale où il ne peut plus assouvir sa soif de connaissance. Nous suivons sa trace dans le quartier latin du Paris du règne de Louis xv : des études brillantes chez les Jésuites, puis chez les Jansénistes, puis à la Sorbonne, une vie de canaille, « sorte de clochard céleste » nous dit Sophie Chauveau, une vie faite d’exubérance et de séduction, de pauvreté aussi.

Ce livre nous révèle l’éclosion d’un auteur, car le Diderot que nous connaissons généralement, celui de l’Encyclopédie, est un homme de 40 ans ; l’auteur nous dit : « j’ai cherché à identifier ce qui se passe en profondeur chez cette espèce de canaille du Neveu de Rameau  pour devenir le philosophe Diderot ; comment un voyou qui a du génie pousse du dedans », son envie de ressembler au grand Voltaire, de changer le monde,  sa gourmandise de tout, du vin, de la nourriture, des femmes, de la fraternité, de l’amitié et, bien sûr, des livres. Un chapitre s’intitule « comment naissent ses premiers vrais livres ». Nous participons à l’aventure de la création de l’Encyclopédie, les relations avec d’Alembert, toujours prêt à quitter le projet par crainte du scandale, de la censure et du risque d’emprisonnement, le travail besogneux du Chevalier de Jaucourt, les appuis politiques comme ceux de Malesherbes ou de la marquise de Pompadour.

Comme pour sa précédente trilogie sur le siècle de Florence, Sophie Chauveau nous fait découvrir le Paris de l’époque, la vie du peuple, les cafés comme le Procope ou le Régence, les salons de quelques grandes dames ; nous rencontrons beaucoup de personnages, Rousseau, d’Alembert, Condillac, Rameau, la marquise du Deffand, Buffon, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Grimm, Catherine II de Russie pour qui Diderot a « un coup de foudre intellectuel »… Nous apprenons ou révisons nos connaissances sans le moindre ennui !

L’intérêt du livre me paraît double pour les étudiants en édition que nous sommes ; d’une part il permet de réfléchir aux chemins de maturation d’un écrivain en devenir, qui passent, dans le cas de Diderot, par l’enseignement, la traduction, le journalisme, par de nombreuses souffrances aussi, avant de trouver l’épanouissement du génie ; d’autre part, l’ouvrage nous interpelle sur le sens d’une encyclopédie : est-ce un simple recueil didactique de tout le savoir ? ou est-ce un outil de débat d’idées comme l’a été l’Encyclopédie et qui a permis la « formation d’un milieu intellectuel beaucoup plus efficace que celui des institutions académiques »? [Alain Rey, Une histoire de l’encyclopédisme]

Lucie Polard

Diderot, le génie débraillé – Les années bohème (2009)
Diderot, le génie débraillé – Les encyclopédistes (2010)
Parus aux éditions Télémaque

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